Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Biochemical Profiles and Clinical Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global health challenge, marked by a gradual and irreversible decline in renal function. In this cross-sectional case–control investigation, we examined the biochemical and clinical alterations observed in CKD patients compared with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The study assessed key biochemical indicators including serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin. Additionally, common clinical manifestations such as hypertension, edema, fatigue, and dyspnea were documented. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases in creatinine, BUN, phosphate, and potassium among CKD patients (p < 0.05), while GFR, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin levels were markedly decreased. Hypertension (75%) and edema (57.5%) emerged as the most prevalent clinical signs. These findings underscore the necessity of early biochemical screening and clinical monitoring to delay disease progression and minimize complications.